The doctrines of hell and judgment and the need for personal conversion as an index to the development of liberal theology within the theological colleges of the Methodist church in England from 1907 to 1932

The first chapter of the thesis shows how the study was born in a local church where the preached message represented a difference from the beliefs of John Wesley. The second chapter shows how the doctrinal standards of Methodism are defined in terms of the Motes and Sermons o£ John Wesley. These works are examined, and detailed doctrines expounded of Jesus as judge, and the grounds for and nature and experience of his judgment as applied to the lives of men. The third chapter considers the Primitive Methodist Church and shows how a liberal Influence was felt at Hartley College, Manchester, through the dominant personality of A. S. Peake. Peak’s doctrine is expounded and the securing of his position by the philanthropist, W. Hartley, is described. The fourth chapter considers Ranmoor College, Sheffield ' ,and Victoria Park College, Manchester, of the United Methodist Church and highlights the major influence of A. S. Peake in that denomination also. Chapters five and six treat the colleges of Wesleyan Methodism, namely Didsbury, Richmond, Headingley, Handsworth and Cambridge. For these the period is divided into pre- and post- 1918. The doctrinal stance is shown to be more complex than for the other denominations and for each college the doctrinal position of each senior member of staff is expounded and the changing tenor of each college traced. The final chapter shows how by 1932 the theological education of Methodist ministers was heavily biased to a liberal attitude, and relates the findings of the thesis to the state of Methodism generally

Survey of Inter-satellite Communication for Small Satellite Systems: Physical Layer to Network Layer View

Small satellite systems enable whole new class of missions for navigation, communications, remote sensing and scientific research for both civilian and military purposes. As individual spacecraft are limited by the size, mass and power constraints, mass-produced small satellites in large constellations or clusters could be useful in many science missions such as gravity mapping, tracking of forest fires, finding water resources, etc. Constellation of satellites provide improved spatial and temporal resolution of the target. Small satellite constellations contribute innovative applications by replacing a single asset with several very capable spacecraft which opens the door to new applications. With increasing levels of autonomy, there will be a need for remote communication networks to enable communication between spacecraft. These space based networks will need to configure and maintain dynamic routes, manage intermediate nodes, and reconfigure themselves to achieve mission objectives. Hence, inter-satellite communication is a key aspect when satellites fly in formation. In this paper, we present the various researches being conducted in the small satellite community for implementing inter-satellite communications based on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This paper also reviews the various design parameters applicable to the first three layers of the OSI model, i.e., physical, data link and network layer. Based on the survey, we also present a comprehensive list of design parameters useful for achieving inter-satellite communications for multiple small satellite missions. Specific topics include proposed solutions for some of the challenges faced by small satellite systems, enabling operations using a network of small satellites, and some examples of small satellite missions involving formation flying aspects.Comment: 51 pages, 21 Figures, 11 Tables, accepted in IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorial

Deployment Technology of a Heliogyro Solar Sail for Long Duration Propulsion

Interplanetary, multi-mission, station-keeping capabilities will require that a spacecraft employ a highly efficient propulsion-navigation system. The majority of space propulsion systems are fuel-based and require the vehicle to carry and consume fuel as part of the mission. Once the fuel is consumed, the mission is set, thereby limiting the potential capability. Alternatively, a method that derives its acceleration and direction from solar photon pressure using a solar sail would eliminate the requirement of onboard fuel to meet mission objectives. MacNeal theorized that the heliogyro-configured solar sail architecture would be lighter, less complex, cheaper, and less risky to deploy a large sail area versus a masted sail. As sail size increases, the masted sail requires longer booms resulting in increased mass, and chaotic uncontrollable deployment. With a heliogyro, the sail membrane is stowed as a roll of thin film forming a blade when deployed that can extend up to kilometers. Thus, a benefit of using a heliogyro-configured solar sail propulsion technology is the mission scalability as compared to masted versions, which are size constrained. Studies have shown that interplanetary travel is achievable by the heliogyro solar sail concept. Heliogyro solar sail concept also enables multi-mission missions such as sample returns, and supply transportation from Earth to Mars as well as station-keeping missions to provide enhanced warning of solar storm. This paper describes deployment technology being developed at NASA Langley Research Center to deploy and control the center-of-mass/center-of-pressure using a twin bladed heliogyro solar sail 6-unit (6U) CubeSat. The 6U comprises 2x2U blade deployers and 2U for payload. The 2U blade deployers can be mounted to 6U or larger scaled systems to serve as a non-chemical in-space propulsion system. A single solar sail blade length is estimated to be 2.4 km with a total area from two blades of 720 m2; total allowable weight of a 6U CubeSat is approximately 8 kg. This makes the theoretical characteristic acceleration of approximately 0.75 mm/s2 at I AU (astronomical unit), when compared to IKAROS (0.005 mm/s2) and NanoSail-D (0.02 mm/s2)

Critical Space Infrastructure: A Complex System Governance Perspective

This paper examines the applicability of Complex System Governance (CSG) to advance the Critical Space Infrastructure field (CSI). CSI encompasses space related hardware, workforce, environment, facilities, and businesses that are necessary for societal well-being. CSI is increasing in importance as more societal serving systems are becoming dependent on CSI to operate. Given this increasing dependence on CSI, societal sectors are increasingly at risk should something go wrong with CSI upon which they depend. CSI has been developing is a fragmented way and lacks coherent organization. CSG is focused on design, execution, and evolution of system functions that provide for communications, control, coordination, and integration of complex systems. CSG provides structure and order to complex systems through a rigorous grounding in systems theory (the axioms and propositions that govern behavior, performance, and structure of complex systems), management cybernetics (the science of organizational structure), and system governance (focused on provision of direction, oversight, and accountability). In this paper the intersection of CSI and CSG is explored with respect to the value that can accrue to both fields through their intersection and joint development. The opportunities that lie at the intersection of these fields are examined. This paper concludes the exploration with a discussion of the implications for movement forward in bringing the value offered by CSG to the governance of space-based critical infrastructures

Analogies Between Digital Radio and Chemical Orthogonality as a Method for Enhanced Analysis of Molecular Recognition Events

Acoustic wave biosensors are a real-time, label-free biosensor technology, which have been exploited for the detection of proteins and cells. One of the conventional biosensor approaches involves the immobilization of a monolayer of antibodies onto the surface of the acoustic wave device for the detection of a specific analyte. The method described within includes at least two immobilizations of two different antibodies onto the surfaces of two separate acoustic wave devices for the detection of several analogous analytes. The chemical specificity of the molecular recognition event is achieved by virtue of the extremely high (nM to pM) binding affinity between the antibody and its antigen. In a standard ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) test, there are multiple steps and the end result is a measure of what is bound so tightly that it does not wash away easily. The fact that this “gold standard” is very much not real time, masks the dance that is the molecular recognition event. X-Ray Crystallographer, Ian Wilson, demonstrated more than a decade ago that antibodies undergo conformational change during a binding event[1, 2]. Further, it is known in the arena of immunochemistry that some antibodies exhibit significant cross-reactivity and this is widely termed antibody promiscuity. A third piece of the puzzle that we will exploit in our system of acoustic wave biosensors is the notion of chemical orthogonality. These three biochemical constructs, the dance, antibody promiscuity and chemical orthogonality will be combined in this paper with the notions of in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signals from digital radio to manifest an approach to molecular recognition that allows a level of discrimination and analysis unobtainable without the aggregate. As an example we present experimental data on the detection of TNT, RDX, C4, ammonium nitrate and musk oil from a system of antibody-coated acoustic wave sensors

Deregulation of DUX4 and ERG in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Chromosomal rearrangements deregulating hematopoietic transcription factors are common in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).1,2 Here, we show that deregulation of the homeobox transcription factor gene DUX4 and the ETS transcription factor gene ERG are hallmarks of a subtype of B-progenitor ALL that comprises up to 7% of B-ALL. DUX4 rearrangement and overexpression was present in all cases, and was accompanied by transcriptional deregulation of ERG, expression of a novel ERG isoform, ERGalt, and frequent ERG deletion. ERGalt utilizes a non-canonical first exon whose transcription was initiated by DUX4 binding. ERGalt retains the DNA-binding and transactivating domains of ERG, but inhibits wild-type ERG transcriptional activity and is transforming. These results illustrate a unique paradigm of transcription factor deregulation in leukemia, in which DUX4 deregulation results in loss-of-function of ERG, either by deletion or induction of expression of an isoform that is a dominant negative inhibitor of wild type ERG function

Small Satellite Cluster Inter-Connectivity

The advances in microelectronics have made small satellite technology an effective alternative to large and expensive satellites by decreasing space mission costs, without greatly reducing the performance. Small satellites can be launched in close formation flying patterns to perform coordinated measurements of remote space missions. This will allow a cluster of small satellites to be used to collect data from multiple points and time, thereby providing spatial and temporal resolutions that cannot be achieved with a single, conventional large satellite. There are three different formation flying patterns under study; Leader-Follower (A-Train), Cluster and Constellation. Inter-satellite communication eliminates the use of expensive ground relay stations and ground tracking networks. When satellites fly in constellations, using inter-satellite communications, it’s not necessary to sink all the data from each of the small satellite to ground, thus eliminating the need of intermediate ground stations for sending data. The small satellite formation control problems, particularly, attitude and relative position can be solved using inter-satellite communication by exchanging the attitude and relative position information among the small satellites. It can also provide timing synchronization. Therefore, inter-satellite communication plays a vital role when small satellites fly in close formations. This presentation aims to propose and validate inter-satellite communication protocols for distributed small satellite networks. We investigate the possibility of implementing a feasible Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing layer protocols for the three different formation flying patterns. A modified MAC and routing protocols particularly the Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) with Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) protocol are analyzed. Our proposed system performance is evaluated using throughput, access delay and end-to-end delay by running extensive simulations. The throughput of the system is defined as the fraction of the total simulation time used for a valid transmission. For the Leader-Follower formation flying pattern the maximum throughput we can achieve using the proposed protocol is about 23% and for Cluster formation pattern, the maximum throughput is found to be 11%. Average access delay and end-to-end delay are less for Leader-Follower formation pattern compared to the Cluster formation flying pattern. We are currently working on the Constellation formation pattern. We have investigated the three types of formation for which we will describe the relative merits of each formation. The decision of which formation flying pattern has to be used depends on the mission architecture, e.g. number of satellites, orbits, power, etc